INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS COMMITTEES

Ethics committees have played clinically relevant roles in U.S. healthcare contexts since the 1960s. At that time, some
hospitals established committees to approve requests for abortion and sterilization and to allocate scarce dialysis
machines. Universities and hospitals created human subjects committees to scrutinize research protocols and consent
forms; in the 1970s, these committees became federally mandated institutional review boards (IRBs).
In the 1976 Quinlan case, in which parents won the authority to remove a ventilator from an incompetent adult
child, the New Jersey Supreme Court recommended that hospitals establish ethics committees to confirm prognoses
in cases involving withdrawal of life support. The 1982 “Baby Doe” ruling that allowed parents to withhold a lifesaving operation from an infant with Down syndrome led to the establishment of infant-care review committees in cases
of withholding or withdrawing life support from disabled newborns. In 1983, a report from the U.S. President’s
Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research encouraged the
formation of hospital hoodia gordoni ethics committees to review cases that raised ethical dilemmas and to resolve ethical conflict.

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